We encourage the use of drought resistant and high yield cropssuch as maize and beansand distribute improved seed varieties. Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Chami, F. A. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. They sailed there with the northeast monsoon, returning home in the summer with the southwest. East Africa is a region that begins in Tanzania in the south and extends north through the great grasslands and scrub forest of the savannas of Kenya and Uganda and then across the highlands of Ethiopia, including the Great Rift Valley. After traditional land routes to India had been closed by the Ottoman Turks, Portugal hoped to use the sea route pioneered by da Gama to break the once Venetian trading monopoly. (1999). In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. At about 30.3 million km 2 (11.7 million square miles) including adjacent islands, it covers 20% of Earth's land area and 6% of its total surface area. 2023 World Wildlife Fund. Both the Tigray and the Amhara, another Semitic-speaking group, dominate northwestern Ethiopia. Among these languages are Kikuyu, Luhya, Kinyarwanda, Kirundi, Kisukuma, Luganda and many others. The Dragonfly Sea (2019) by Kenyan author Yvonne Owuor follows the story of a protagonist named Ayaana on the island of Pate. [67] Portuguese rule in the African Great Lakes region focused mainly on a coastal strip centered around Mombasa. A blacktip shark cruises the lagoon as a storm approaches in Aldabra atoll, Seychelles Adam Mitchell (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), TheAldabra atollhas one of the highest shark densities of anywhere in the western Indian Ocean. His first stop was Zeila, a port of the Christian kingdom of Ethiopia with a large Muslim community. Sodwana Bay is the oldest marine reserve in South Africa and its healthy reefs and rich; diverse marine life is a prime example of this. ~ Geo Cloete, ? Just as there are major conservation issues for the animals on the continent of Africa such as poaching, habitat destruction, and other threats, there are many issues and concerns for the East African marine ecosystems and animals. Nilotic languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and Nuer, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. It consists of 18 countries and 2 dependencies. It also includes the world's second largest freshwater lake, Lake Victoria, and the world's second deepest lake, Lake Tanganyika. There are protected wildlife areas in southern Tanzania and northern Mozambique, but they are separated by areas with large human populations. The ethnic fabric in Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda is much more fragmented, with many smaller peoples intermingled or occupying discrete territories. Farmers are often killed while trying to defend their fields and elephants become the source of resentment and anger by the local communities. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. We help them increase crop yield, improving livelihoods and offering alternatives to poaching. The Italian occupation of Ethiopia ended in 1941 during World War II as part of the East African Campaign.The French also staked out an East African outpost on the route to French Indochina. However, the town was taken and destroyed, and its large treasures went to strengthen the resources of Almeida. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. One area of work focuses on tuna, as we seek to help fisheries achieve certification by the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC). Pop. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. One particularly powerful western boundary current is the Gulf Stream. [citation needed] As cattle terminology in use amongst the few modern Bantu pastoralist groups suggests, the Bantu migrants would acquire cattle from their new Cushitic neighbors. [49], After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of Cushitic origin. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. [44] The old kingdom's first mention dates to the 25th century BCE. editors@africageographic.com External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. East African coastal cities participated in a larger Afro-Asian trade network a thousand years before Vasco Da Gama peeked around the Cape of Good Hope to find the way to sail to India. Revenants of the German Empire: Colonial Germans, Imperialism, and the League of Nations", "Climate risk report for the East Africa region - Ethiopia | ReliefWeb", "7 Days in Entebbe and 13 Other Movies Set In East Africa", "World Population Prospects Population Division United Nations", "IFs Forecast Version 7.00 Google Public Data Explorer", Canada's Africa Oil starts Somalia seismic survey, "Economic Recovery and the Role of the State", "Somalia: Somaliland appeals for 'cooperation with Puntland' a second time", "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants", List of countries where Arabic is an official language, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=East_Africa&oldid=1142278246, Articles containing Chinese-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Pages using collapsible list with both background and text-align in titlestyle, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2022, Articles needing additional references from December 2015, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2011, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 1 March 2023, at 14:36. WWF supports the rangers who patrol protected areas in Tanzania and Mozambique. Madagascar is also considered to be the world's fourth-largest island which offers a plethora of unique collection of flora and fauna. South of Sarapion, Nikon, the Pyralaae Islands, and the island of Diorux (about whose precise location only speculation seems possible), the chief town was Rhapta, which may lie buried in the Rufiji delta of present-day Tanzania. [76][77][78], South Sudan peacefully seceded from the Sudan in 2011, six and a half years after a peace agreement ended the Second Sudanese Civil War. Africa borders on both the North and South Atlantic, from roughly the location of Cape Town to Gibraltar. Warming seawaters threaten the incredible diversity associated with the regions coral reefs, leading to die-offs from bleaching. [40][41], The migration route of the "Out of Africa" theory probably occurred in East Africa however through Bab el Mandeb. Research has shown that most of the monster storms that hit the US and Canada start out as a distinct weather pattern in the atmosphere over western Africa, specifically a spot off the coast of the African Cape Verde islands.. [50], On the coastal section of the African Great Lakes region, another mixed Bantu community developed through contact with Muslim Arab and Persian traders, leading to the development of the mixed Arab, Persian and African Swahili City States. WWFs goal is to have over 31 million acres of land in Tanzania managed in this way, which will help wildlife migration outside of protected areas. Tanzania has known stable government since independence although there are significant political and religious tensions resulting from the political union between Tanganyika and Zanzibar in 1964. [74] In Ethiopia, there is an estimated population of 102million as of 2016.[75]. Illegal small-mesh seine net fishing in Tanzania. "Africa South of the Equator," in Africa Since 1800. Experts say it is time . In fact, a 2015 study published in Geophysical Research Letters showed that by closely watching these tropical disturbances off the coast of western Africa, researchers . Overharvesting of timber and illegal commercial logging continue to threaten forests in Coastal East Africa. The waters of the Western Indian Ocean also support globally important shrimp and tuna industries. The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Eastern Africa, 16001800 A.D. Humanities LibreTexts - East Africa and the Horn of Africa, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations - East Africa, Ugandan lawmaker introduces new anti-LGBTQ legislation, French court to rule on TotalEnergies' east Africa projects, Jill Biden sees East Africa drought up close, seeks more aid, Kenya labor court rules that Facebook can be sued. No settlements from this period have been found. 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). Vasco da Gama visited Mombasa in 1498. Aksum was at the time ruled by Zoskales, who also governed the port of Adulis. They exported ivory (some of it went as far as China) and also tortoiseshell, ambergris, and leopard skins. Stay safe. Moreover, at Zanzibar an extant Kfic inscription (the only one) recording the construction of a mosque by Sheikh al-Sayyid Ab Imrn Ms ibn al-asan ibn Muammad in 1107 confirms that by this time substantial Muslim settlements had been established. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. Attacks followed on Hoja (now known as Ungwana, located at the mouth of the Tana River), Barawa, Angoche, Pate and other coastal towns until the western Indian Ocean was a safe haven for Portuguese commercial interests. With $1.9 million in funding from the Global Environment Facility, an African Nature-Based Tourism Collaborative Platform is being developed to connect funders to communities and small and medium enterprises involved in nature-based tourism in eastern and southern Africaand who are most affected by the loss of revenue due to Covid-19. . Lucas Jackson/Reuters Elsewhere in the US, the West Coast is getting hit by huge storms coming from the goofy jet stream . Should we carry along the same path, its estimated that there will be no fish left in the ocean by 2050. Aiming to reduce illegal activities, WWF helped the governments of Tanzania and Mozambique agree to work cooperatively on improving forest management. The spread of ironworking and the Bantu migrations, The chieftainships of the southern savanna, https://www.britannica.com/place/eastern-Africa. Credit: DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00809-x. It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. app@africageographic.com Although no houses were being built of coral, stone mosques were being constructed. 08/22/2019. Within this region, WWF works in Kenya, Tanzania and Mozambique and the western part of the Indian Ocean. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. HOW TO GET THE MOST OUT OF AFRICA GEOGRAPHIC: We're the Africa Geographic editorial team a diverse set of writers, editors, designers and social media natives, all united by our passion for this addictive continent. Mozambique, Tanzania and Kenya are not only sources of ivory, but also major conduits for illegal wildlife trade. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). They have revealed an extensive pre-Muslim settlement standing on the edge of what was the finest harbour on the coast. It is observed by the authors of three 2018 studies on the site, that the evidence of these behaviors is approximately contemporary to the earliest known Homo sapiens fossil remains from Africa (such as at Jebel Irhoud and Florisbad), and they suggest that complex and modern behaviors had already begun in Africa around the time of the emergence of Homo sapiens. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. Though there is little evidence to suggest that its inhabitants had any buildings to begin with, wattle-and-daub dwellings appeared in due course, and by the 10th century short lengths of coral masonry wall were being built. Here are the possible solutions for "Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean" clue. traverses the expanses of the Southern Ocean south of Africa, south of Australia, and the south Pacific. Well-established gold and ivory trade network existed between African kingdoms in the interior and cities on the east coast of Africa. KEN MORIYASU, Nikkei Asia chief desk editor June 30, 2021 03:53 JST. A senior U.S. Navy officer says that his service no longer considers the East Coast of the United States as an "uncontested" area or an automatic "safe haven" for its ships and submarines. From the 1840s, cameras traced the international migrations of traders, sailors, sons, and daughters through Indian Ocean ports, continuing trade that dates back over five millennia. WWF works with local communities, governments and industry to create awareness and appreciation for the connection between nature and people. 2002. Visit Africa's Gold Coast on the Atlantic Ocean, including Ghana and Senegal, and make a stop at the tropical Cape Verde islands. In rural areas, people have lost crops and livestock and face hunger and outbreaks of malaria. At altitudes of above 2,500 metres (8,202ft), frosts are common during the dry season and maxima typically about 21C (70F) or less. The regions vegetation ranges from woodlands and grasslands in the wetter regions to thornbushes in semiarid areas. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Because of a combination of the region's generally high altitude and the rain shadow of the westerly monsoon winds created by the Rwenzori Mountains and Ethiopian Highlands, East Africa is surprisingly cool and dry for its latitude. Portugal had first established a strong presence in southern Mozambique and the Indian Ocean since the 15th century, while during this period their possessions increasingly grew including parts from the present northern Mozambique country, up to Mombasa in present-day Kenya. A map drawn in Spain dated 1375, showing the king of Mali holding a gold nugget. Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. Stretching from the Arctic Circle to Antarctica, the Atlantic Ocean is bordered by the Americas to the west and Europe and Africa to the east. Africa is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, Red Sea to the northeast, Indian Ocean to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. The climate of eastern Africa is generally tropical, though average temperatures tend to be reduced by the regions high elevations. Portugal's main goal on the Swahili coast was to take control of the spice trade from the Arabs. In the African Great Lakes region, Niger-Congo languages of the Bantu branch are most widely spoken. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. We assist local communities in securing management rights to their local wildlife and fisheries. [52], The earliest Bantu inhabitants of the east coast of Kenya and Tanzania encountered by these later Arab and Persian settlers have been variously identified with the trading settlements of Rhapta, Azania and Menouthias[53] referenced in early Greek and Chinese writings from 50 CE to 500 CE,[54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61] ultimately giving rise to the name for Tanzania. Lake Niassa is located in Mozambique and shares borders with Malawi and Tanzania. Precipitation also is affected by varying elevation: Uganda, Tanzania, and western Kenya receive plentiful rainfall, while Somalia, eastern Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya receive far less. The coast of East Africa provides many excellent natural harbours formed by submerged former river estuaries. Organised by The Society for Arabian Studies. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Omissions? Though there is some suggestion that in the 10th century the Muslims had not yet begun to move farther south than Somalia, on Qanbalu they soon became rulers of a pagan population, whose language they adopted. (2009 est.) With maximum velocities of around 8.5 km/h, it is one of the fastest and strongest flowing currents in the world. The volcanic massif of Kilimanjaro, the highest mountain in Africa, reaches 19,340 feet (5,895 metres) in northeastern Tanzania. (UK) +44 (23) 9387-7464 Its here, in the deep, pelagic waters, where blue sharks (Prionace glauca) call it home. The Omani presence continued in Zanzibar and Pemba until the Zanzibar Revolution in 1964. [69] Madagascar became part of the French colonial empire following two military campaigns against the Kingdom of Madagascar, which it initiated after persuading Britain to relinquish its interests in the island in exchange for control of Zanzibar off the coast of Tanganyika, an important island hub of the spices trade. Arab governance of all the major ports along the Swahili coast continued until British interests aimed particularly at ending the slave trade and creation of a wage-labour system began to put pressure on Omani rule. (US) +1 (786) 655-4040, *Call costs: Local rates apply from South Africa, UK and US otherwise international rates apply, newsletter@africageographic.com Due to the historical Omani Empire and colonial territories of the British East Africa Protectorate and German East Africa, the term East Africa is often (especially in the English language) used to specifically refer to the area now comprising the three countries of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda. [32][33][34][35], In 2017 finds of modern human remains, dating to ca 300,000 years ago in Jebel Irhoud in Morocco, suggested that modern humans arose earlier and possibly in a larger area of Africa than previously thought. East Africa's Coral Refuge is a critical source of food and livelihoods for people all across Kenya and Tanzania. WWF and 1986 Panda Symbol are owned by WWF. This article covers the history of the area from ancient times through the 20th century. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. Eastern Africa is populated by 160 different ethnic groups or more, depending on the method of counting. Moreover, this area had the potential for a significant residential expansion, being suitable for the relocation of a large number of British nationals to the region. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing may account for as much as a third of total catches in some important fisheries in the region, and the capacity for local enforcement is severely lacking. This is . We work with farmers to adopt practices that conserve resources and use less space, ensuring forest remains intact for wildlife. We will try to find the right answer to this particular crossword clue. Portuguese trading stations in East Africa and the Slave trade. Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. 1250 24th Street, N.W. Make a symbolic African elephant adoption to help save some of the world's most endangered animals from extinction and support WWF's conservation efforts. Few would imagine that there could be more natural beauty on offer. Threatened by illegal fishing, agricultural pollution and surrounding forest degradation, WWF worked to protect this area for future generations. But there is: underwater. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Blue sharks have the largest distribution range around the globe, and are unfortunately the shark species targeted the most by fishermen for their fins. ~ Geo Cloete, ? WWF also facilitated the organization of local fishing communities and helped build their capacity to combat illegal fishing, create alternative sources of income, and implement environmental education programs. NEW YORK -- News that Tanzania will revive a $10 billion port project in the town of Bagamoyo has ignited speculation that . eastern Africa, part of sub-Saharan Africa comprising two traditionally recognized regions: East Africa, made up of Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda; and the Horn of Africa, made up of Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, and Ethiopia. [28] Some researchers have suggested that North Africa was the region of Africa from which modern humans who first trekked out of the continent. The Protectorate of Uganda and the Colony of Kenya were located in a rich farmland area mostly appropriate for the cultivation of cash crops like coffee and tea, as well as for animal husbandry with products produced from cattle and goats, such as goat meat, beef and milk. The Kingdom of Aksum was a trading empire centered Eritrea and northern Ethiopia. Kilwa Kisiwani, located on the southern coast of modern-day Tanzania, is a prime example of how city-states in Africa developed and became wealthy while maintaining autonomous rule. Manda had close trading connections with the Persian Gulfwith Srf in particular. Coastal East Africa encompasses a beautiful tapestry of land and seafrom mountains and grasslands to mangroves and fringing coral reefs. Wild dogs, black rhinos and lions also roam its forests and grasslands. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. WWF works with farmers to develop climate smart solutions that conserve natural resources and protect wildlife habitats, while improving local food security and incomes. The eastern coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean, which, though vast, is comparatively easily navigated. The region also comprises the countries of Somalia, Djibouti, and Eritrea, which are . A man exercises on an unseasonably warm December day in New York City. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. Chapter 8: "The Cinnamon Route". The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. The Indian Ocean, meanwhile, tempts travellers with the promise of idyllic islands set amongst calm turquoise waters, including Mauritius, Madagascar, the Maldives and the Seychelles. Some geologists studying the Canary Islands predict that the western side of a volcano eventually will slide off into the ocean, sending a 300-foot high wave of liquid destruction our way. It is narrow (approx. Not a lot is known about the species, but they occur in deep water reefs and is vulnerable to overfishing. Over several centuries countless East Africans were sold as slaves by Muslim Arabs to the Middle East and other places via the Sahara desert and Indian Ocean. In 1890, beginning with the purchase of the small port town of (Asseb) from a local sultan in Eritrea, the Italians colonized all of Eritrea. The islands of Primeiras and Segundas off the coast of Mozambique are a major nesting site for several marine turtle species. Workers pulling onions by the Mbarali River, Tanzania. Coastal erosion threatens the nesting beaches of marine turtles and harms mangrove forestswhich are already being battered from increased storm surges, and vulnerable to future sea level rise. 12. The Western Rift Valley curves along the western borders of Uganda and Tanzania. Shaped by global plate tectonic forces that have created the East African Rift, East Africa is the site of Mount Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya, the two tallest peaks in Africa. Compass in the dark at Atlantis Reef dive site, Simons Town, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), I went diving at the newly discovered Atlantis reef. Networking & debating APP subscribers only, TRUSTED CONSERVATION PROJECTS 82 Likes, 0 Comments - skhathisomusa dumani mthembu (@skhathisomusa) on Instagram: "African East coast | tropics #eastafrica #mombasa #coast #ocean #tropicalparadise #beach #film" We facilitate ranger training and provide equipment. Logging also opens up previously inaccessible forests to poachers and illegal wildlife traders. [23] Similarly, a positive Indian Ocean Dipole result in warm sea-surface temperatures off the coast of East Africa and lead to increased rainfall over East Africa. Due to the sheer size of the smack of jellyfish, it was impossible to capture the complete scene in a single frame, even though I was using a fisheye lens. Miller, J. Innes. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. The east African island map will guide you through Madagascar which is situated off the coast of Mozambique. Ruins at Kilwa, on the southern Tanzanian coast, probably date from the 9th or perhaps from the 8th century. Inshore, people often mistake the pectoral fin of a sunfish floating on the surface to be that of a sharks dorsal fin. Joint operations have also improved the collaboration among different law enforcement institutions. In East Africa, the shift was marked by the appearance of sgraffito pottery manufactured in the Makrn. Lamu is one of the oldest Swahili settlements in East Africa. In: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire. ? 1: The Swahili Coast of East Africa | From 1000 to 1500 CE, numerous Swahili states emerged along this 1,000 mile stretch from Mogadishu in the north (present-day Somalia) to Sofala in the south (present-day Mozambique). Nearly all of them rely directly on its marine resources for their livelihoods. Sadly, when it comes to the ocean, the out of sight out of mind way of thinking often applies. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Map 9.9. You really can walk across the Red Sea at Sharm el-Sheik. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). Seyyid said later introduced copper and silver coins. Evidence was found in 2018, dating to about 320,000 years ago, at the Kenyan site of Olorgesailie, of the early emergence of modern behaviors associated with Homo sapiens, including: long-distance trade networks (involving goods such as obsidian), the use of pigments, and the possible making of projectile points. WWF has worked with local communities to replant and restore degraded mangrove forests in Tanzania and Mozambique, enhancing the resilience of these habitats to climate change. The Atlantic is, generally speaking, S-shaped and narrow in relation . The Glorioso Islands are a small atoll in the Indian Ocean off East Africa, near Madagascar, part of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands. A large school of slingers at Sodwana Bay, South Africa Anthony Grote (Photographer of the Year 2016 Entrant), ? . In southwest Africa, the plains and plateaus of Namibia are found . [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. Off the coast of East Africa is the Indian Ocean. History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. A humpback whale breaches in the waters by Nosy Boraha Island (le Sainte-Marie), Madagascar Gudkov Andrey (Photographer of the Year 2018 Top 101), ? In southwest Africa, Wiki User chieftainships of the Christian kingdom of aksum was a trading centered. At Sodwana Bay, south Africa Anthony Grote ( Photographer of the Equator, '' in Africa Since.! Coast of Africa looks out over the Indian Ocean & quot ;.! 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